SimWire_module.cc

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////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// SimWire class designed to simulate signal on a wire in the TPC
//
// katori@fnal.gov
//
// - Revised to use sim::RawDigit instead of rawdata::RawDigit, and to
// - save the electron clusters associated with each digit.
//
// mwang@fnal.gov (2/04/21)
//
// - Revised field response functions with quadratic and sinusoidal for
//   collection and induction planes, respectively
// - Updated electronics response with uBooNE spice-based model
// - Included more realistic noise models:
//   (a) modified uBooNE model -> "ModUBooNE" in fcl
//   (b) ArgoNeuT data driven model -> "ArgoNeuT" in fcl
// - Included following distributions for fluctuating magnitude of
//   noise frequency components:
//   (a) simple modified Poisson -> "SimplePoisson" in fcl
//   (b) weighted Poisson from ArgoNeuT DDN -> "WeightedPoisson" in fcl
// - Included choice for generating unique noise in each channel for
//   each event
// - Updated ConvoluteResponseFunctions() to do things in same fashion
//   as in a typical SignalShapingXXX service for a particular XXX
//   experiment
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// ROOT includes
#include "TComplex.h"
#include "TMath.h"

// C++ includes
#include <algorithm>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

// Framework includes
#include "art/Framework/Core/EDProducer.h"
#include "art/Framework/Core/ModuleMacros.h"
#include "art/Framework/Principal/Event.h"
#include "art/Framework/Services/Registry/ServiceHandle.h"
#include "art_root_io/TFileService.h"
#include "messagefacility/MessageLogger/MessageLogger.h"
#include "fhiclcpp/ParameterSet.h"
#include "cetlib_except/exception.h"

// art extensions
#include "nurandom/RandomUtils/NuRandomService.h"

#include "CLHEP/Random/RandFlat.h"

// LArSoft includes
#include "larcore/Geometry/Geometry.h"
#include "larcorealg/Geometry/PlaneGeo.h"
#include "lardata/DetectorInfoServices/DetectorClocksService.h"
#include "lardata/DetectorInfoServices/DetectorPropertiesService.h"
#include "lardata/Utilities/LArFFT.h"
#include "lardataobj/RawData/RawDigit.h"
#include "lardataobj/RawData/raw.h"
#include "lardataobj/Simulation/SimChannel.h"

// Detector simulation of raw signals on wires
namespace detsim {

  class SimWire : public art::EDProducer {
  public:
    explicit SimWire(fhicl::ParameterSet const& pset);

  private:
    void produce(art::Event& evt) override;
    void beginJob() override;

    void ConvoluteResponseFunctions(); ///< convolute electronics and field response

    void SetFieldResponse(); ///< response of wires to field
    void SetElectResponse(); ///< response of electronics

    void GenNoise(std::vector<float>& array, CLHEP::HepRandomEngine& engine);

    std::string fDriftEModuleLabel; ///< module making the ionization electrons
    raw::Compress_t fCompression;   ///< compression type to use

    int fNTicks;                         ///< number of ticks of the clock
    double fSampleRate;                  ///< sampling rate in ns
    unsigned int fNSamplesReadout;       ///< number of ADC readout samples in 1 readout frame
    double fCol3DCorrection;             ///< correction factor to account for 3D path of
                                         ///< electrons thru wires
    double fInd3DCorrection;             ///< correction factor to account for 3D path of
                                         ///< electrons thru wires
    unsigned int fNElectResp;            ///< number of entries from response to use
    double fInputFieldRespSamplingPeriod; ///< Sampling period in the input field response.
    double fShapeTimeConst;               ///< time constants for exponential shaping
    double fADCPerPCAtLowestASICGain;     ///< ADCs/pC at lowest gain setting of 4.7 mV/fC
    double fASICGainInMVPerFC;            ///< actual gain setting used in mV/fC 
    int fNoiseNchToSim;                   ///< number of noise channels to generate
    std::string fNoiseModelChoice;        ///< choice for noise model
    std::string fNoiseFluctChoice;        ///< choice for noise freq component mag fluctuations

    std::vector<int> fFieldRespTOffset;   ///< field response time offset in ticks
    std::vector<int> fCalibRespTOffset;   ///< calib response time offset in ticks
    std::vector<float> fColFieldParams;   ///< collection plane field function parameterization
    std::vector<float> fIndFieldParams;   ///< induction plane field function parameterization
    std::vector<double> fColFieldResponse; ///< response function for the field @ collection plane
    std::vector<double> fIndFieldResponse; ///< response function for the field @ induction plane
    std::vector<TComplex> fColShape;       ///< response function for the field @ collection plane
    std::vector<TComplex> fIndShape;       ///< response function for the field @ induction plane
    std::vector<double> fElectResponse;    ///< response function for the electronics
    std::vector<std::vector<float>> fNoise; ///< noise on each channel for each time
    std::vector<double> fNoiseModelPar;     ///< noise model params
    std::vector<double> fNoiseFluctPar;     ///< Poisson noise fluctuations params

    TH1D* fIndFieldResp; ///< response function for the field @ induction plane
    TH1D* fColFieldResp; ///< response function for the field @ collection plane
    TH1D* fElectResp;    ///< response function for the electronics
    TH1D* fColTimeShape; ///< convoluted shape for field x electronics @ col plane
    TH1D* fIndTimeShape; ///< convoluted shape for field x electronics @ ind plane
    TH1D* fNoiseDist;    ///< distribution of noise counts
    TF1* fNoiseFluct;    ///< Poisson dist for fluctuations in magnitude of noise freq components

    CLHEP::HepRandomEngine& fEngine; ///< Random-number engine owned by art
  }; // class SimWire

}

namespace detsim {

  //-------------------------------------------------
  SimWire::SimWire(fhicl::ParameterSet const& pset)
    : EDProducer{pset}
    , fDriftEModuleLabel{pset.get<std::string>("DriftEModuleLabel")}
    , fCompression{pset.get<std::string>("CompressionType") == "Huffman" ? raw::kHuffman :
                                                                           raw::kNone}
    , fCol3DCorrection{pset.get<double>("Col3DCorrection")}
    , fInd3DCorrection{pset.get<double>("Ind3DCorrection")}
    , fInputFieldRespSamplingPeriod{pset.get<double>("InputFieldRespSamplingPeriod")}
    , fShapeTimeConst{pset.get<double>("ShapeTimeConst")}
    , fADCPerPCAtLowestASICGain{pset.get<double>("ADCPerPCAtLowestASICGain")}
    , fASICGainInMVPerFC{pset.get<double>("ASICGainInMVPerFC")}
    , fNoiseNchToSim{pset.get<int>("NoiseNchToSim")}
    , fNoiseModelChoice{pset.get<std::string>("NoiseModelChoice")}
    , fNoiseFluctChoice{pset.get<std::string>("NoiseFluctChoice")}
    , fFieldRespTOffset{pset.get<std::vector<int>>("FieldRespTOffset")}
    , fCalibRespTOffset{pset.get<std::vector<int>>("CalibRespTOffset")}
    , fColFieldParams{pset.get<std::vector<float>>("ColFieldParams")}
    , fIndFieldParams{pset.get<std::vector<float>>("IndFieldParams")}
    , fNoiseModelPar{pset.get<std::vector<double>>("NoiseModelPar")}
    , fNoiseFluctPar{pset.get<std::vector<double>>("NoiseFluctPar")}
    // create a default random engine; obtain the random seed from NuRandomService,
    // unless overridden in configuration with key "Seed"
    , fEngine(art::ServiceHandle<rndm::NuRandomService> {}->createEngine(*this, pset, "Seed"))
  {
    auto const clockData = art::ServiceHandle<detinfo::DetectorClocksService const>()->DataForJob();
    auto const detProp =
      art::ServiceHandle<detinfo::DetectorPropertiesService const>()->DataForJob(clockData);
    fSampleRate = sampling_rate(clockData);
    fNSamplesReadout = detProp.NumberTimeSamples();

    MF_LOG_WARNING("SimWire") << "SimWire is an example module that works for the "
                              << "MicroBooNE detector.  Each experiment should implement "
                              << "its own version of this module to simulate electronics "
                              << "response.";

    produces<std::vector<raw::RawDigit>>();
  }

  //-------------------------------------------------
  void
  SimWire::beginJob()
  {
    // ... get access to the TFile service
    art::ServiceHandle<art::TFileService const> tfs;

    fNoiseDist = tfs->make<TH1D>("Noise", ";Noise (ADC);", 1000, -10., 10.);

    art::ServiceHandle<util::LArFFT const> fFFT;
    fNTicks = fFFT->FFTSize();

    // ... Poisson dist function for fluctuating magnitude of noise frequency component
    if ( fNoiseFluctChoice == "SimplePoisson" ) {
      // .. simple modified Poisson with (x-1)! in denominator
      double params[1];
      fNoiseFluct = new TF1("_poisson", "[0]**(x) * exp(-[0]) / ROOT::Math::tgamma(x)", 0, 5.);
      params[0] = fNoiseFluctPar[0];  // Poisson mean
      fNoiseFluct->SetParameters(params);
    } else if ( fNoiseFluctChoice == "WeightedPoisson" ) {
      // .. weighted Poisson in ArgoNeuT DDN model
      double params[3];
      fNoiseFluct = new TF1("_poisson", "[0]*pow([1]/[2], x/[2])*exp(-[1]/[2])/ROOT::Math::tgamma(x/[2]+1.)", 0, 5.);
      params[0] = fNoiseFluctPar[0];
      params[1] = fNoiseFluctPar[1];
      params[2] = fNoiseFluctPar[2];
      fNoiseFluct->SetParameters(params);
    } else {
      throw cet::exception("SimWire::beginJob") << fNoiseFluctChoice
        << " is an unknown noise fluctuation choice" << std::endl;
    }

    // ... generate the noise in advance depending on value of fNoiseNchToSim:
    //     positive - generate N=fNoiseNchToSim channels & randomly pick from pool when adding to signal
    //     zero     - no noise
    //     negative - generate unique noise for each channel for each event
    if (fNoiseNchToSim>0) {
      if (fNoiseNchToSim>10000) {
        throw cet::exception("SimWire::beginJob") << fNoiseNchToSim
          << " noise channels requested exceeds 10000" << std::endl;
      }
      fNoise.resize(fNoiseNchToSim);
      for (unsigned int p = 0; p < fNoise.size(); ++p) {
        GenNoise(fNoise[p], fEngine);
        for (int i = 0; i < fNTicks; ++i) {
          fNoiseDist->Fill(fNoise[p][i]);
        }
      }
    }


    // ... set field response and electronics response, then convolute them
    SetFieldResponse();
    SetElectResponse();
    ConvoluteResponseFunctions();
  }

  //-------------------------------------------------
  void
  SimWire::produce(art::Event& evt)
  {

    art::ServiceHandle<geo::Geometry const> geo;

    // ... generate unique noise for each channel in each event
    if (fNoiseNchToSim<0) {
      fNoise.clear();
      fNoise.resize(geo->Nchannels());
      for(unsigned int p = 0; p < geo->Nchannels(); ++p){
        GenNoise(fNoise[p], fEngine);
      }
    }

    // ... make a vector of const sim::SimChannel* that has same number
    //     of entries as the number of channels in the detector
    //     and set the entries for the channels that have signal on them
    //     using the chanHandle
    std::vector<const sim::SimChannel*> chanHandle;
    evt.getView(fDriftEModuleLabel,chanHandle);

    std::vector<const sim::SimChannel*> channels(geo->Nchannels());
    for(size_t c = 0; c < chanHandle.size(); ++c){
      channels[chanHandle[c]->Channel()] = chanHandle[c];
    }

    // ... make an unique_ptr of sim::SimDigits that allows ownership of the produced
    //     digits to be transferred to the art::Event after the put statement below
    auto digcol = std::make_unique<std::vector<raw::RawDigit>>();

    art::ServiceHandle<util::LArFFT> fFFT;

    // ... Add all channels
    CLHEP::RandFlat flat(fEngine);

    std::map<int,double>::iterator mapIter;
    for(unsigned int chan = 0; chan < geo->Nchannels(); chan++) {

      std::vector<short> adcvec(fNTicks, 0);
      std::vector<double> fChargeWork(fNTicks, 0.);

      if( channels[chan] ){

        // .. get the sim::SimChannel for this channel
        const sim::SimChannel* sc = channels[chan];

        // .. loop over the tdcs and grab the number of electrons for each
        for(int t = 0; t < fNTicks; ++t)
          fChargeWork[t] = sc->Charge(t);

        int time_offset = 0;

        // .. Convolve charge with appropriate response function
        if(geo->SignalType(chan) == geo::kInduction){
          fFFT->Convolute(fChargeWork,fIndShape);
          time_offset = fFieldRespTOffset[1]+fCalibRespTOffset[1];
        } else {
          fFFT->Convolute(fChargeWork,fColShape);
          time_offset = fFieldRespTOffset[0]+fCalibRespTOffset[0];
        }

        // .. Apply field response offset
        std::vector<int> temp;
        if (time_offset <=0){
          temp.assign(fChargeWork.begin(),fChargeWork.begin()-time_offset);
          fChargeWork.erase(fChargeWork.begin(),fChargeWork.begin()-time_offset);
          fChargeWork.insert(fChargeWork.end(),temp.begin(),temp.end());
        }else{
          temp.assign(fChargeWork.end()-time_offset,fChargeWork.end());
          fChargeWork.erase(fChargeWork.end()-time_offset,fChargeWork.end());
          fChargeWork.insert(fChargeWork.begin(),temp.begin(),temp.end());
        }

      }

      // ... Add noise to signal depending on value of fNoiseNchToSim
      if(fNoiseNchToSim!=0){
        int noisechan = chan;
        if(fNoiseNchToSim>0){
          noisechan = TMath::Nint(flat.fire()*(1.*(fNoise.size()-1)+0.1));
        }
        for(int i = 0; i < fNTicks; ++i){
          adcvec[i] = (short)TMath::Nint(fNoise[noisechan][i] + fChargeWork[i]);
        }
      } else {
        for(int i = 0; i < fNTicks; ++i){
          adcvec[i] = (short)TMath::Nint(fChargeWork[i]);
        }
      }

      adcvec.resize(fNSamplesReadout);

      // ... compress the adc vector using the desired compression scheme,
      //     if raw::kNone is selected nothing happens to adcvec
      //     This shrinks adcvec, if fCompression is not kNone.
      raw::Compress(adcvec, fCompression);

      // ... add this digit to the collection
      digcol->emplace_back(chan, fNTicks, move(adcvec), fCompression);

    }//end loop over channels

    evt.put(std::move(digcol));

    return;
  }

  //-------------------------------------------------
  void
  SimWire::ConvoluteResponseFunctions()
  {
    double tick, ticks, peak;

    std::vector<double> col(fNTicks, 0.);
    std::vector<double> ind(fNTicks, 0.);
    std::vector<TComplex> kern(fNTicks/2 + 1);
    std::vector<double> delta(fNTicks, 0.);

    art::ServiceHandle<util::LArFFT> fFFT;

    // ... do collection plane
    fColShape.resize(fNTicks/2+1);
    fFFT->DoFFT(fElectResponse, fColShape);

    fFFT->DoFFT(fColFieldResponse, kern);
    for(unsigned int i=0; i<kern.size(); ++i)
      fColShape[i] *= kern[i];

    fFFT->DoInvFFT(fColShape, col);

    delta[0] = 1.0;
    peak = fFFT->PeakCorrelation(delta, col);
    tick = 0.;
    ticks =  tick - peak;
    fFFT->ShiftData(fColShape, ticks);
    fFFT->DoInvFFT(fColShape, col);

    // ... do induction plane
    fIndShape.resize(fNTicks/2+1);
    fFFT->DoFFT(fElectResponse, fIndShape);

    kern.clear();
    kern.resize(fNTicks/2 + 1);
    fFFT->DoFFT(fIndFieldResponse, kern);
    for(unsigned int i=0; i<kern.size(); ++i)
      fIndShape[i] *= kern[i];

    fFFT->DoInvFFT(fIndShape, ind);

    delta.resize(0);
    delta.resize(fNTicks,0);
    delta[0] = 1.0;
    peak = fFFT->PeakCorrelation(delta, ind);
    tick = 0.;
    ticks =  tick - peak;
    fFFT->ShiftData(fIndShape, ticks);
    fFFT->DoInvFFT(fIndShape, ind);

    // ... write the time-domain shapes out to a file
    art::ServiceHandle<art::TFileService const> tfs;
    fColTimeShape = tfs->make<TH1D>(
      "ConvolutedCollection",";ticks; Electronics#timesCollection",fNTicks,0,fNTicks);
    fIndTimeShape = tfs->make<TH1D>(
      "ConvolutedInduction",";ticks; Electronics#timesInduction",fNTicks,0,fNTicks);

    // ... check that you did the right thing
    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < ind.size(); ++i){
      fColTimeShape->Fill(i, col[i]);
      fIndTimeShape->Fill(i, ind[i]);
    }

    fColTimeShape->Write();
    fIndTimeShape->Write();

  }

  //-------------------------------------------------
  void
  SimWire::GenNoise(std::vector<float>& noise, CLHEP::HepRandomEngine& engine)
  {
    CLHEP::RandFlat flat(engine);

    noise.clear();
    noise.resize(fNTicks, 0.);
    std::vector<TComplex> noiseFrequency(fNTicks/2+1, 0.); // noise in frequency space

    double pval = 0.;
    double phase = 0.;
    double rnd[2] = {0.};

    // .. width of frequencyBin in kHz
    double binWidth = 1.0/(fNTicks*fSampleRate*1.0e-6);

    for (int i=0; i< fNTicks/2+1; ++i) {

      double x=(i+0.5)*binWidth;

      if ( fNoiseModelChoice == "Legacy" ) {
        // ... Legacy exponential model kept here for reference:
        //     par[0]=NoiseFact, par[1]=NoiseWidth, par[2]=LowCutoff, par[3-7]=0
        //     example parameter values for fcl: NoiseModelPar:[ 1.32e-1,120,7.5,0,0,0,0,0 ]
        pval = fNoiseModelPar[0] * exp(-(double)i * binWidth / fNoiseModelPar[1]);
        double lofilter = 1.0 / (1.0 + exp(-(i - fNoiseModelPar[2] / binWidth) / 0.5));
        flat.fireArray(1, rnd, 0, 1);
        pval *= lofilter * (0.9 + 0.2 * rnd[0]);
      } else if ( fNoiseModelChoice == "ModUBooNE" ) {
        // ... Modified uBooNE model with additive exp to account for low freq region:
        //     example parameter values for fcl: NoiseModelPar:[
        //                                         4450.,-530.,280.,110.,
        //                                         -0.85,18.,0.064,74. ]
        pval = fNoiseModelPar[0]*exp(-0.5*pow((x-fNoiseModelPar[1])/fNoiseModelPar[2],2))
                         *exp(-0.5*pow(x/fNoiseModelPar[3],fNoiseModelPar[4]))
                         +fNoiseModelPar[5]+exp(-fNoiseModelPar[6]*(x-fNoiseModelPar[7]));
        double randomizer = fNoiseFluct->GetRandom();
        pval = pval * randomizer/fNTicks;
      } else if ( fNoiseModelChoice == "ArgoNeuT" ) {
        // ... ArgoNeuT data driven model:
        //     In fcl set parameters to: NoiseModelPar:[
        //                                 5000,-5.52058e2,2.81587e2,-5.66561e1,
        //                                 4.10817e1,1.76284e1,1e-1,5.97838e1 ]
        pval = fNoiseModelPar[0]*exp(-0.5*pow((x-fNoiseModelPar[1])/fNoiseModelPar[2],2))
                         *((fNoiseModelPar[3]/(x+fNoiseModelPar[4]))+1)
                         +fNoiseModelPar[5]+exp(-fNoiseModelPar[6]*(x-fNoiseModelPar[7]));
        double randomizer = fNoiseFluct->GetRandom();
        pval = pval * randomizer/fNTicks;
      } else {
        throw cet::exception("SimWire::GenNoise") << fNoiseModelChoice
          << " is an unknown choice for the noise model" << std::endl;
      }

      flat.fireArray(1,rnd,0,1);
      phase = rnd[0]*2.*TMath::Pi();

      TComplex tc(pval*cos(phase),pval*sin(phase));
      noiseFrequency[i] += tc;
    }

    // .. inverse FFT MCSignal
    art::ServiceHandle<util::LArFFT> fFFT;
    fFFT->DoInvFFT(noiseFrequency, noise);

    noiseFrequency.clear();

    // .. multiply each noise value by fNTicks as the InvFFT
    //    divides each bin by fNTicks assuming that a forward FFT
    //    has already been done.
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < noise.size(); ++i)
      noise[i] *= 1. * fNTicks;
  }

  //-------------------------------------------------
  void
  SimWire::SetFieldResponse()
  {

    // ... Files to write the response functions to
    art::ServiceHandle<art::TFileService const> tfs;
    fIndFieldResp = tfs->make<TH1D>("InductionFieldResponse",";t (ns);Induction Response",fNTicks,0,fNTicks);
    fColFieldResp = tfs->make<TH1D>("CollectionFieldResponse",";t (ns);Collection Response",fNTicks,0,fNTicks);

    fColFieldResponse.resize(fNTicks, 0.);
    fIndFieldResponse.resize(fNTicks, 0.);

    // ... First set response for collection plane
    int nbinc = fColFieldParams[0];

    double integral = 0.;
    for (int i = 1; i < nbinc; ++i) {
      fColFieldResponse[i] = i * i;
      integral += fColFieldResponse[i];
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < nbinc; ++i) {
      fColFieldResponse[i] *= fColFieldParams[1]/integral;
      fColFieldResp->Fill(i, fColFieldResponse[i]);
    }

    // ... Now set response for induction plane
    int nbini = fIndFieldParams[0];
    unsigned short lastbini = 2 * nbini;

    integral = 0;
    for (unsigned short i = 0; i < lastbini; ++i) {
      double ang = i * TMath::Pi() / nbini;
      fIndFieldResponse[i] = sin(ang);
      if (fIndFieldResponse[i] > 0) {
        integral += fIndFieldResponse[i];
      } else {
        fIndFieldResponse[i] *= fIndFieldParams[2]; // scale the negative lobe by 10% (from ArgoNeuT)
      }
    }
    ++lastbini;

    for (unsigned short i = 0; i < lastbini; ++i) {
      fIndFieldResponse[i] *= fIndFieldParams[1]/integral;
      fIndFieldResp->Fill(i, fIndFieldResponse[i]);
    }

    // ... Save the field responses
    fColFieldResp->Write();
    fIndFieldResp->Write();
  }

  //-------------------------------------------------
  void
  SimWire::SetElectResponse()
  {
    fElectResponse.resize(fNTicks, 0.);
    std::vector<double> time(fNTicks,0.);

    // ... Gain and shaping time variables from fcl file:    
    double Ao = 1.0;
    double To = fShapeTimeConst;  //peaking time

    // ... this is actually sampling time, in ns
    mf::LogInfo("SimWire::SetElectResponse") << "Check sampling intervals: " 
                                             << fInputFieldRespSamplingPeriod << " ns" 
                                             << "Check number of samples: " << fNTicks;

    // ... The following sets the microboone electronics response function in 
    //     time-space. Function comes from BNL SPICE simulation of DUNE35t 
    //     electronics. SPICE gives the electronics transfer function in 
    //     frequency-space. The inverse laplace transform of that function 
    //     (in time-space) was calculated in Mathematica and is what is being 
    //     used below. Parameters Ao and To are cumulative gain/timing parameters 
    //     from the full (ASIC->Intermediate amp->Receiver->ADC) electronics chain. 
    //     They have been adjusted to make the SPICE simulation to match the 
    //     actual electronics response. Default params are Ao=1.4, To=0.5us. 
    double max = 0;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < fElectResponse.size(); ++i) {

      // ... convert time to microseconds, to match fElectResponse[i] definition
      time[i] = (1.*i)*fInputFieldRespSamplingPeriod *1e-3; 
      fElectResponse[i] = 
        4.31054*exp(-2.94809*time[i]/To)*Ao - 2.6202*exp(-2.82833*time[i]/To)*cos(1.19361*time[i]/To)*Ao
        -2.6202*exp(-2.82833*time[i]/To)*cos(1.19361*time[i]/To)*cos(2.38722*time[i]/To)*Ao
        +0.464924*exp(-2.40318*time[i]/To)*cos(2.5928*time[i]/To)*Ao
        +0.464924*exp(-2.40318*time[i]/To)*cos(2.5928*time[i]/To)*cos(5.18561*time[i]/To)*Ao
        +0.762456*exp(-2.82833*time[i]/To)*sin(1.19361*time[i]/To)*Ao
        -0.762456*exp(-2.82833*time[i]/To)*cos(2.38722*time[i]/To)*sin(1.19361*time[i]/To)*Ao
        +0.762456*exp(-2.82833*time[i]/To)*cos(1.19361*time[i]/To)*sin(2.38722*time[i]/To)*Ao
        -2.6202*exp(-2.82833*time[i]/To)*sin(1.19361*time[i]/To)*sin(2.38722*time[i]/To)*Ao 
        -0.327684*exp(-2.40318*time[i]/To)*sin(2.5928*time[i]/To)*Ao + 
        +0.327684*exp(-2.40318*time[i]/To)*cos(5.18561*time[i]/To)*sin(2.5928*time[i]/To)*Ao
        -0.327684*exp(-2.40318*time[i]/To)*cos(2.5928*time[i]/To)*sin(5.18561*time[i]/To)*Ao
        +0.464924*exp(-2.40318*time[i]/To)*sin(2.5928*time[i]/To)*sin(5.18561*time[i]/To)*Ao;

      if (fElectResponse[i] > max) max = fElectResponse[i];
    
    }// end loop over time buckets

    // ... "normalize" fElectResponse[i], before the convolution   
  
    for (auto& element : fElectResponse) {
      element /= max;
      element *= fADCPerPCAtLowestASICGain * 1.60217657e-7;
      element *= fASICGainInMVPerFC / 4.7; // relative to lowest gain setting of 4.7 mV/fC
    }

    fNElectResp = fElectResponse.size();

    // ... write the response out to a file

    art::ServiceHandle<art::TFileService const> tfs;
    fElectResp = tfs->make<TH1D>(
      "ElectronicsResponse",";t (ns);Electronics Response",fNElectResp,0,fNElectResp);
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < fNElectResp; ++i) {
      fElectResp->Fill(i, fElectResponse[i]);
    }

    fElectResp->Write();
  }

}

DEFINE_ART_MODULE(detsim::SimWire)